QIYE READING

第五章

《《牛津实用英语语法》》

all,each,every,both,neither,

either,some,any,no和 none?

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46 all,each,every,everyone,everybody,everything

(关于all和each的区别,参见第48节。)

A all和every的比较

从词义的角度来看,all指的是一组作为整体来考虑的人或物。

every指的是一组作为个体来考虑的人或物。但是,在实践中,every和它的复合词常常用来指一个整体。

B each(形容词和代词)和every(形容词)

each指的是一些作为个体来考虑的人或物。

every也含有这种意思,但是every不像each那样强调每一个个体。

Evers man had a weapon(士兵人人都有武器)意指说话人点了人数和武器,发现两者的数字是相符的。 Each man had aweapon(每个士兵都有一件武器)意指说话人依次走到每个人身边,经检查确定每个人都有一件武器。

each是代词和形容词:

Each(man)knows what to do.

每一个(人)都知道要做什么。

every只作形容词:

Every man knows…

人人都知道……

each可与两个或更多的人或物相关,通常是较小的数目,但every通常并不与很小的数目相关。

两者都用单数动词,所有格形容词形式是his/her/its。

(关于相互代词each other,参见第53节C和第70节B。)

C everyone/everybody和everything(代词)

everyone/everybody+单数动词通常要比all(the)people+复数动词更常用,如可以说Everyone is ready(人人都准备好了),而不说All the people are ready。everyone和everybody之间不存在任何区别。

everything同样要比all(the)things更常用。如可以说Every-thing has been wasted(一切都浪费了),而不说 All the thingshave been wasted。

all(the)people,all(the)things可与短语或从句连用:

All the people in the room clapped.

全屋的人都鼓掌。

I got all the things you asked for.

我弄到了你要的一切。

除此之外,all(the)people和all(the)things很少使用。

(关于在everyone/everybody之后使用代词和所有格形容词的情况,参见第51节C与第69节。)

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47 both

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both意为one and the other(一个和另一个,两者都)。

它后面跟动词的复数形式。

both可单独使用,后面也可跟名词:

Both(doors)were open.

两个(门)都开着。

或后面跟(of)+the/these/those或所有格形式:

both(of)the wheels两个车轮都……

both(of)your wheels你的两个车轮都……

或后面跟of+us/you/them:

Both of us knew him.

我们俩都认识他。

人称代词+both也是可以的:

We both knew him.

(译文同上。)

(参见第48节。)

both…and…可以用于强调两个形容词、名词、动词等的组合:

It was both cold and wet.

又寒冷又潮湿。

He is both an actor and a director.

他既是演员又是导演。

He both acts and directs.

他又当演员,又当导演。

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48 all/both/each+of和其他可以替代的结构

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A all(代词)后面可跟of+the/this/these/that/those/所有格形式和专有名词。

both(代词)+of的用法是同样的,但只限于用在复数形式之前。of在这儿常常被省略,特别是与all+名词/单数代词形式连用时。

all the town全镇上的人

all(of)Tom’s boys汤姆的所有男孩

all his life他毕生

both(of)the towns两个城市都……

all(of)these这些都……

both(of)his parents他的父母都……

B 与all/both+of+人称代词连用时,of不能省略:

all of it它的全部都……

both of them他/她/它们俩都……

但是还有另外一个结构,即人称代词+all/both:

all of it=it all

all of us=we all(主语),us all(宾语)

all of you=you all

all of them=they all(主语),them all(宾语)

同样:

both of us=we both(主语),us both(宾语)

both of you=you both(主语、宾语通用)

both of them=they both(主语),them both(宾语)

All of them were broken.相当于:

They were all broken.

它们全都破了。

All/Both of us went.相当于:

We all/both went.

我们(俩)全都去了。

We ate all/both the cakes.

我们把(两块)点心全都吃了。

C 人称代词+all/both的组合如是复合时态的主语时,助动词通常位于all/both之前:

We are all waiting.

我们都在等。

You must both help me.

你们俩都必须帮助我。

be也应位于all/both之前,除非它用于简短的回答中:We are all/both ready.

我们(俩)都准备好了。

但是:—Who is ready?

—We all are./We both are.

—谁准备好了?

—我们(俩)都准备好了。

其他助动词单独使用时或普通动词用一般现在时时,它们都应位于all/both之后:

You all have maps.

你们都有地图。

They both knew where to go.

他们俩都知道去哪儿。

D each与both一样,后面可跟of+these/those等(of后面的代词仅限于复数形式)。在这里of不可省略:

each of the boys男孩中的每一个

each of these这些中的每一个

然而,each of us/you/them可以由代词+each来替代:each of you=you each(主语、宾语通用)

each of us=we each(主语),us each(宾语)

each of them=they each(主语),them each(宾语)

We each sent in a report.

我们每人递上了一份报告。

They gave us each a form to fill in.

他们给了我们每人一张要填写的表格。

注意:each of us/you/them是单数:

Each of us has a map.

我们每人都有一张地图。

但we/you/they each是复数:

We each have a map.

我们每人都有一张地图。

we/you/they each在句中作主语时,句子的语序同上面C有关all及both的语序相同:

They have each been questioned.

他们每个人都被查问过。

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49 neither,either

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Al neither意为“既不是甲,也不是乙”,“两者都不……”,后面跟单数动词的肯定式。它可以单独使用,后面也可跟名词或of

+the/these/those/所有格代词或人称代词:

(a)I tried both keys but neither(of them)worked.

两把钥匙我都试了,但(两把)都不行。

(b)Neither of them knew the way/Neither boy knew…

他们俩/两个男孩都不认得路。

(c) I’ve read neither of these(books).

这两本(书)我都没看过。

2 either意为“两者之一”,“两者中任何一个”。它后面跟动词单数形式。同neither一样,它可以单独使用,或跟名词/代词及of+the/these/those等连用。

3 either+否定动词可代替neither+肯定动词,但neither是主语时除外。所以either不能用于上面Al例句(a)或(b)中,只能用于例句(c)中:

I haven’t read either of these(books).

这两本(书)我都没看过。

虽然either不能作否定句的主语,但它可作肯定句或疑问句的主语或宾语:

Either(of these)would do.

这两个中任一个都可以。

Would you like either of these?

你喜欢二者中的任一个吗?

4 代词和所有格形容词与代表人的neither/either连用时,从语法上说应当用he/him,she/her及his/her,但是在英语的口语中用复数形式较为普遍:

Neither of them knows the way,do they?

他们俩都不知道路,是吗?

Neither of them had brought their passports.

他们俩都没带护照。

B neither…nor,either… or

neither… nor+肯定动词是把两个否定说法结合在一起的强

调方式:

(a)Neither threats nor arguments had any affect on him.

无论是恐吓还是讲道理对他都不起作用。

(b)They said the room was large and bright but it was neither large norbright.

他们说这间房子又大又明亮,可它既不大也不明亮。

(c)He neither wrote nor phoned.

他既没写信又没打电话。

either…or+否定动词可代替neither…nor+肯定动词结构,

但neither…nor作动词主语时除外,如上述例句(a)。所以可

以说:

(b)…but it wasn’t either large or bright.

(c)He didn’t either write or phone.

either…or不能作否定句的主语,但可作肯定句和疑问句的主

语或宾语。这种用法是表示强调二者之中任何一个皆可以:

You can have either soup or fruit juice.

汤和果汁你任意喝哪一种都行。

You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow.

你要么马上走,要么等到明天。

It’s urgent,so could you either phone or telex?

这事非常紧急,所以你或是打电话或是用电传,好吗?

(关于用either对说法进行补充的用法,参见第112节。关于

neither/nor后面跟倒装语序,参见第45节与第112节。)

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50 some,any,no和none(形容词和代词)

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Al some和any意为“某一个数目或某一定的量”。它们或和复数名词或不可数名词连用,或代替这些名词。(关于some/any与单数名词连用请参见下面C。)

some可以是a/an和one的复数形式:

Have a biscuit/some biscuits.

吃一块/一些饼干。

I ate a date/some dates.

我吃了一个/一些枣。

some,any和none可以和of+the/this/these/those/所有格代词/人称代词连用:

Some of the staff can speak Japanese.

一些工作人员会讲日语。

Did any of your photos come out well?

你的照片有照得好的吗?

2 some可以有下列各种用法:

与肯定动词连用:

They bought some honey.

他们买了些蜂蜜。

用于可预料答语为“是”的问句中:

Did some of you sleep on the floor?

你们有人睡在了地板上吗?(我想会是这样。)

用于表示建议及要求的句子中:

Would you like some wine?

你想喝点葡萄酒吗?

Could you do some typing for me?

你能给我用打点字吗?

(另参见C。)

3 any用于以下情况:

用于否定句中:

I haven’t any matches.

我没有火柴。

与hardly,barely,scarcely连用(这些词的含义几乎是否定的):

I have hardly any spare time.

我简直没有空闲时间。

在without any…(=with no…)结构中,与without连用。

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty.

他毫无困难地越过了边界。

用于除上文所述之外的疑问句中:

Have you got any money?

你有钱吗?

Did he catch any fish?

他抓到鱼了吗?

用在if/whether之后以及表示怀疑的说法中:

If you need any more money,please let me know.

如果你还需要钱,就告诉我。

I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.

我想油箱里没有汽油了。

(参见下面C。)

B no(形容词)和none(代词)

no和none可以与肯定动词连用,表示否定:

I have no apples.I had some last year but I have none this year.

我没有苹果。去年我有一些,但今年我一个也没有了。

no+名词可以作主语:

No work was done.

没有干什么活儿。

No letter(s) arrived.

一封信也没来。

none可以作主语,但不常见:

We expected letters,but none came.

我们在等信,可是一封也没来。

none+of作主语的情况较为常见:

None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.

没有一个游客想爬山。

C some和any与可数名词的单数形式连用

some可以用来表示“一个未指明的或未知的”人或物:

Some idiot parked his car outside my garage.

有一个蠢货把车子停在我的车库外面了。

·some+名词后面加上or other表示强调说话人不太感兴趣:

He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine;he has some remedy or otherof his own.

他不相信传统医术;他自己有治疗方法。

any可以表示“差不多每一个”、“不一定是哪个”。

Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse.

任何有关骑术的书都会告诉你怎样装马鞍。

Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.

只要是本词典,就会给出这些词的词义。

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51 someone,somebody,something,anyone,

anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing

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A 用some,any和no构成的复合词都遵循上文所述规则:

Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.

有你的电话。

Someone/Somebody gave me a ticket for the pop concert.

有人给了我一张流行歌曲音乐会的门票。

No one/Nobody has ever given me a free ticket for anything.

从来没有人给过我免费的什么票。

Do you want anything from the chemist’s?

你需要在药店里买什么东西吗?

Would anyone/anybody like a drink?

谁想喝一杯吗?

注意:

I drink anything.

我喝什么都行。相当于:

I don’t mind what I drink.

我不挑喝什么。

Anyone will tell you where the house is.

谁都会告诉你那所房子在哪儿。(参见第50节C。)

B someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody可以有所有格形式:

Someone’s passport has been stolen.

有人的护照被偷了。

Is this somebody’s/anybody’s seat?

这座位有人坐吗?

I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.

我不想浪费任何人的时间。

C 代词和所有格形容词与someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody,everyone,everybody连用

所有这些词语都具有单数的含义,因此要用单数动词。因此,指代这些词的人称代词和所有格形容词按道理说也应是he/she,him/her,his/her,但在口语中复数形式更为普遍:

Has anyone left their luggage on the train?

有谁把行李丢在火车上了吗?

No one saw Tom go out,did they?

没有人看见汤姆出去,对吗?

但在指something,anything,nothing时仍然用it:

Something went wrong,didn’t it?

有什么地方出毛病了,是吗?

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52 else位于someone/anybody/nothing等之后

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A someone/somebody/something,anyone/anydy/anything,noone/nobody/nothing,everyone/everybody/everything以及副词somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere后面都可跟else:someone else/somebody else=some other person别的什么人

anyone else/anybody else=any other person任何别的人

no one else/nobody else=no other person没有他人

everyone else/everybody else=every other person其他所有的人something else=some other thing别的什么东西

例句如:

—I’m afraid I can’t help you.You’ll have to ask someone else.

—There isn’t anyone else./There’s no one else to ask.

—恐怕我帮不了你的忙,你得另找别人。

—没有别的什么人。/没有别人可找了。

else与副词连用:

somewhere else=in/at/to some other place在/到另外一个地方

anywhere else=in/at to any other place在/到别的什么地方

nowhere else=in/at/to no other place没在/没到别的地方

Are you going anywhere else?

你还要到别的地方去吗?

B someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,no one/nobody+else都可以有所有格形式:

I took someone else’s coat.

我拿了别人的上衣。

Was anyone else’s luggage opened?

还有别的什么人的行李给打开了吗?

No one else’s luggage was opened.

没有别的人的行李被打开了。

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53 another,other,others与one和some连用

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A another,other,others

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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22

Trial version

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—Have you met Bill’s sisters?

—I’ve met one.I didn’t know he had another(sister).

—Oh,he has two others/two other sisters.

—你见过比尔的姐妹了吗?

—我只见过一个。我不知道他还有一个(姐妹)。

—哦,他还有两个呢。

B one… another/other(s),some…other(s)

One student suggested a play,another(student)/other student/otherswanted a concert.

一个学生建议演话剧,另一个学生/其他学生/其他人希望开音乐会。

Some tourists/Some of the tourists went on the beach;others exploredthe town.

有些游客/游客中的一些人到海滩去了;其他人则到市里逛去了。

C one another,each other

Tom and Ann looked at each other.相当于:

Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom.

汤姆和安互相注视着。

one another和each other都可用于涉及两个或多个人或事物

的场合,但eachother常常用于涉及多个人或事物的场合。

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第六章?疑问词wh-?和how??

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54 疑问形容词及疑问代词

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用于人:主格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)

宾格 whom,牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)

所有格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 whose(代词,形容词)

用于物:主格/宾格牋牋 what(代词,形容词)

用于选择范围有限的人或物:主格/宾格which(代词,形容词)

上述这些疑问形容词和疑问代词的单、复数形式都是相同的。

what也可以用于指人。(参见第58节D。)

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55 who,whose等用做主语时后接肯定动词

who,whose,which,what作主语时,通常接一个肯定动词而不是疑问动词:

Who pays the bills?

谁付帐?(肯定动词)

Whose/Which horse won?

谁的/哪匹马赢了?(肯定动词)

What happened?/What went wrong?

出了什么事?/出了什么毛病?(肯定动词,可能的回答如We missedthe train/had an accident<我们误了火车/出了事故>。)

但who,whose等后跟be+名词或人称代词时,要用疑问动词:

Who are you?

你是谁?

Whose is this?

这是谁的?

What is that noise?

那噪音是怎么回事?

who,whose等作动词或介词的宾语时,整句当然需要用疑问动词。

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56 who,whom,whose,winch和what的用法举例

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A who,whom,whose

who作主语:

Who keeps the keys?

谁保管那些钥匙?(肯定动词)

Who took my gun?

谁拿了我的枪?(肯定动词)

Who are these boys?

这些男孩是谁?(疑问动词)

who,whom作动词宾语:

常用英语:

Who did you see?

你见到谁了?

很正式的英语:

Whom did the committee appoint?

委员会指定了谁?

whose作主语或主语的一部分:

Whose car broke down?

谁的车子发生了故障?(肯定动词)

Whose(books)are these?

这些(书)是谁的?(疑问动词)

whose作动词宾语或主语的一部分:

Whose umbrella did you borrow?

你借了谁的雨伞?

B which

Which作主语或主语的一部分:

Which pigeon arrived first?

哪一只鸽子先到达的?(肯定动词)

Which of them is the eldest?

他们中谁的年龄最大?(肯定动词)

which作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:

Which hand do you use?

你用哪一只手?

Which of these dates would you prefer?

这几个日期你喜欢哪一个?

C what

what作主语或主语的一部分:

What caused the explosion?

是什么引起爆炸的?(肯定动词)

What kind of tree is that?

那是哪种树?(肯定动词)

what作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:

What paper do you read?

你经常看什么报纸?

What did they eat?

他们吃了什么?

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57 who,whom,which和what作介词宾语

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A who,whom

在正规英语中我们用介词+whom结构:

With whom did you go?

你和谁一起去的?

To whom were you speaking?

你刚才在跟谁说话?

但在日常口语中我们常把介词置于句末。这时一般将whom变成who:

Who did you go with?

Who were you speaking to?

B which,what

在正规英语中我们用介词+which/what结构:

To which address did you send it?

你把东西寄到哪个地址去了?

On what do you base your theory?

你的理论依据是什么?

在非正规英语中我们将介词置于句末:

Which address did you send it to?

What do you base your theory on?

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58 what的用法

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A what是一个指事物的疑问词:

What bird is that?

那是什么鸟?

What makes that noise?

什么发出的噪音?

What country do you come from?

你是哪国人?

What did he say?

他说了什么?

B what…for?意为“为什么”:

What did you do that for?相当于:

Why did you do that?

你为什么做那事?

C what+be…like?要求对方进行描述,可以用于人或物:

—What was the exam like?

—It was very difficult.

—这次考试怎么样?

—难极了。

—What was the weather like?

—It was very windy.

—天气怎么样?

—风很大。

—What’s the food like in your hostel?

—It’s quite good.

—你们学生公寓的伙食怎么样?

—还不错。

用于人时,既可指人的外表,也可指人的性格、品质:

He’s short and fat and wears glasses.

他个子不高,很胖,戴眼镜。

He’s a very talkative,friendly man.

他是一个非常健谈、和善的人。

what does he/she/it look like?仅指外表,也表示他/她/它像谁(什么):

—What does she look like?

—She is tall and glamorous.She looks like a film star.

牎な裁囱?

—她个子很高,很有魅力。看上去像个电影明星。

—What does it look like?

—It’s black and shiny.It looks like coal.

—它看上去什么样?

—它黑而亮,看上去像煤。

D what is he?表示他从事什么职业:

—What is his father?

—He is a tailor.

—他父亲是干什么的?

—他是个裁缝。

what作形容词时可用于指人,但不常见:What students are you talking about?(你们在谈论哪些学生?)这种用法是可以的,但用Which students…?时较为常见。

E what和how用于有关度量等的提问中

what主要与这些名词连用为what+age/depth/height/length/ width,但在口语中用how old/deep/high/tall/long/wide?结构。在需要准确的回答时用what size/weight?结构,尽管也可用how big/heavy?结构:

What age are you?/What is your age?/How old are you?

你多大年龄?

What height is he?/What is his height?/How tall is he?

他有多高?

What is the weight of the parcel?/How heavy is it?

包裹有多重?

What size do you take in shoes?

你穿多大号的鞋?

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59 which与who和what的比较

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A which和who用于指物的例子:

What will you have to drink?

你想喝点什么?

There is gin,whisky and sherry;which will you have?

我们这里有杜松子酒、威士忌酒以及雪利酒。您想要哪一种?

—What does it cost to get to Scotland?

—It depends on how you go.

—Which(way) is the cheapest?/Which is the cheapest(way)?

—到苏格兰去要花多少钱?

—这要看你怎么走。

—哪一种走法最省钱?

—I’ve seen the play and the film.

—What did you think of them? Which(of them) did you like best?

—我看了戏剧和电影。

—你觉得(它们)怎么样?你最喜欢哪一个?

B which和who用于指人的例子:

—Who do you want to speak to?

—I want to speak to Mr Smith.

—We have two Smiths here. Which(of them) do you want?

—你想找谁谈?

—我想找史密斯先生谈。

—我们这里有两位姓史密斯的。你要找的是哪一位?

which(代词)指人的时候,不能单独用做动词的主语:

Which of you knows the formula?

你们谁知道这个公式?(“of you”是必要的。)

也可以说:

Who knows the formula?

C which(形容词)表示轻微限定的意思时可以用于指人:

Which poet(of all the poets) do you like best?

(在所有的诗人当中)你最喜欢哪一位诗人?

这里可以用what代替which,并且更合乎逻辑,但通常避免用

形容词what来指人。

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60疑问副词why,when,where和how

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A why?的含义是“为什么”:—Why was he late?

—He missed the bus.

—他为什么迟到了?

—他没赶上公共汽车。

B when?的含义是“什么时候”:—When do you get up?

—7a.m.

—你平常什么时候起床?

—早晨7点。

C where?的含义是“什么地方”:—Where do you live?

—In London.

—你住在哪儿?

—住在伦敦。

D how?的含义是“怎么样”:

—How did you come?

—I came by plane.

—你是怎么来的?

—我是乘飞机来的。

—How do you start the engine?

—You press the button.

—怎样启动发动机?

—按这个按钮。

how还可有以下用法:

1与形容词连用(参见第25节C):

How strong are you?

你有多大劲儿?

How important is this letter?

这封信的重要性有多大?

(关于how+old/high等,参见第58节E。)

2与much和many连用:

How much(money) do you want?

你需要多少钱?

How many(pictures)did you buy?

你买了多少幅(画)?

3与副词连用:

How fast does he drive?

他开得有多快?

How often do you go abroad?

你多长时间出一次国?

How badly was he hurt?

他伤得怎么样?

How soon can you come?

你多快能赶来?

注意How is she?(她身体怎么样?)询问的是她的健康状况,而What is she like?(她长得什么样?)询问的是她的外貌。(参见第58节C。)

不要把How are you?(你身体怎么样?)和How do you do? (您好!)搞混。当两个人被介绍认识时,双方都说How do you do?这只是一句问候语而不是真的提出一个问题。(参见第126节。)

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61 ever位于who,what,where,why,when,how之后

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Where ever have you been?I’ve been looking for you everywhere!

你究竟到哪儿去了?我在到处找你!Who ever told you I’d lend you the money?I’ve no money at all! 到底是谁告诉你我会借你钱的?我一点钱也没有!

这里,句子中的ever并不是必不可少的,加上它只是为了表示强调说话人惊奇、惊讶、愤怒、气恼和沮丧的语气。它与on earth (究竟,到底),in the world(究竟)有同样的含义。

这样的句子总是用强调的口气。而且语调本身就表达了说话人的思想感情:

Why ever did you wash it in boiling water?

你究竟为什么把它放在开水里洗?(表示沮丧。)

Who ever are you?

你究竟是谁?(对方大概是个闯入者。)

Who ever left the door open?

到底是谁没关门?(哪个蠢人没关门?)

Where ever have you put my briefcase?

你究竟把我的公文包放到哪儿去了?(我哪儿也找不到。)

What ever are you doing in my car?

你究竟在我的车里搞什么名堂?(表示惊讶或不高兴。)

When ever did you leave home?

你到底是什么时候离开家的?(你一定很早就离开了。)

How ever did he escape unhurt?

他究竟是怎么逃出来还没受伤的?(车子可是完全撞坏了。)

注意:why ever not?和what ever for?的用法如:

—You mustn’t wear anything green.

—Why ever not?

—你不准穿任何绿色的衣服。

—究竟为什么不准穿呢?(我不明白这道禁令的原因。)

—Bring a knife to class tomorrow.

—What ever for?

—明天上课带一把刀子来。

—究竟是干什么用?(我不明白我需要一把刀做什么。)

(关于写成一个词的whoever,whatever等的用法参见第85节。)

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