第八章?关系代词与关系从句
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关系从句有三类:限定性关系从句(参见第72节至第77节),非限定性关系从句(参见第78节至第81节),连接性关系从句(参见第82节)。
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72限定性关系从句
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这类从句修饰前面的名词,使其有别于其他同类名词。这类从句对清楚了解所修饰名词的特征是必不可少的:
The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。
who told me this是关系从句。如果省略,句中所提到的那个人是谁就不清楚了。要注意,在被修饰的名词和限定性关系从句之间不加逗号。
限定性关系从句常常跟在the+名词之后,但也可以用于a/ an+名词、不加the的复数名词、代词all,none,anybody, somebody等以及those之后。
a/an+名词、不带the的复数名词及somebody/someone/some- thing之后的从句有时只是间接地限定这些名词/代词。
在这种情况下名词/代词常常是动词或介词的宾语:
I met someone who said he knew you.
我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。
The book is about a girl who falls in love with…
这本书是关于一个女孩,她爱上了……
有时这些从句由一个词或短语将它们与名词/代词分开:
There’s a man here who wants…
这儿有个男人,他想要……
I saw something in the paper which would interest you.
我在报上看到了一些你会感兴趣的东西。
但是,通常关系从句应该紧跟在它们修饰的名词或代词之后:
The noise that he made woke everybody up.
他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。
She was annoyed by something that I had said.
她为我说的某句话而不高兴。
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73用于限定性关系从句的关系代词
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词形变化如下:
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
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[Amber demo]
74指人的限定性关系从句
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A主格
用who或that,通常用who:
The man who robbed you has been arrested.
抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。
The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters.
在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。
Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.
只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。
Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police?
凡亲眼看见发生事故的人请与警方联系。
但是在all,everyone,everybody,no one,nobody和those后面,也可用that替代who:
Everyone who/that knew him liked him.
认得他的人都喜欢他。
Nobody who/that watched the match will ever forget it.
看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。
B动词的宾语
用whom,who或that。
指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom,但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用who和that来代替whom(that 比who更常用);更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略:
The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。或:
The man who I saw…
The man that I saw…
The man I saw…(省略关系代词)
The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay.
他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。或:
The girls who he employs…
The girls that he employs…
The girls he employs…(省略关系代词)
C介词的宾语
用whom或that。
在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前,这时关系代词
必须使用whom这一形式:
the man to whom I spoke我跟说话的那个人
而在非正式的口语中经常把介词置于句末。这时用that来代替whom,但更加普遍的是索性省略关系代词:
the man who/whom I spoke to
the man that I spoke to
the man I spoke to
同样:
The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it.
卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上点油。或:
The man who/that I bought it from…
The man I bought it from…
The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French.
和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。或:
The friend who/that I was travelling with…
The friend I was travelling with…
D所有格
关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式:
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。
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75指物的限定性关系从句
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A主语
用which或that,而which较正式:
This is the picture which/that cansed such a sensation.
这就是那部轰动一时的电影。
The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。
(另参见下面B。)
B动词的宾语
用which,that或干脆省略关系代词:
The car which/that I hired broke down.或:
我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。
The car I hired…
一般在all,everything,little,much,none,no,由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which,而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略:
All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。
This is the best hotel(that) I know.
这是我所知道的最好的饭店。
C介词的宾语
规范的结构是介词+which,但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾,用关系代词which,that或干脆省去关系代词:
The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或:
The ladder which/that I was standing on began to slip.
The ladder I was standing on began to slip.
D所有格
可以用whose+从句这种结构,但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它:
a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子
a house with glass walls(译文同上)
E关系副词
用when,where,why。
注意:when可以代替用于指时间的in/on which:
the year when(=in which)he was born他出生的那一年
the day when(=on which)they arrived他们到达的那一天
where可以代替用于指地点的in/at which:the hotel/where(=in/at which) they were staying他们当时住的旅店why可代替for which:
The reason why he refused is…
他拒绝的理由是……
when,where和why有这种用法时叫做关系副词。
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76分裂句:it+be+名词/代词+限定性关系从句
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It was 'Tom who helped us.
是汤姆帮助了我们。(不是比尔或杰克)
It was 'Ann that I saw .
我看见的是安。(不是玛丽)
如上文那样宾语是专有名词时,that要比who更常用。用于指其他一切宾语时,that是正确的:
It’s the manager that we want to see.
我们要见的是经理。
It was wine that we ordered.
我们要的是红葡萄酒。(不是啤酒)
that常用于指非人称主语:
It’s speed that causes accidents,not bad roads.
造成车祸的常是超速行驶,而不是路况不好。
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77用不定式或分词替代关系从句的情况
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A不定式可用于下列各情况:
1在the first/second等词及the last/only等词之后,有时还在最高级形式之后:
the last man to leave the ship=the last man who left/leaves the ship最后离开船的那个人
the only one to understand=the only one who understood/understands唯一理解的人
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了主格代词+动词的结构。但它不能用来取代宾格代词+动词的结构,如the first man that we saw(我们看见的第一个人)中的从句就不能用动词不定式来代替,因为the first man to see(首先要见的人)这句话表示的是截然不同的意思。但如果that是被动句的主语,如the first man that was seen(第一个被看见的人),则可用一个动词不定式的被动形式:the first man to be seen(第一个被看见的人)来代替这一从句。
2句中含某种目的或许可的意义时:
He has a lot of books to read.
他有许多书要读。(许多可以读或必须要读的书)
She had something to do.
她有事要办。(一件她可以办或必须办的事)
They need a garden to play in.
他们需要有一个可供玩耍的花园。(他们可以在里面玩耍的一个花园)
注意:这里的动词不定式取代了动词+宾格关系代词的结构。有人可能会认为动词不定式的这两种用法会引起混乱,实际上这种情况很少出现,因为句中的其他部分会使动词不定式的含义变得很清楚。the first man to see这一短语本身可以理解成the first man that we must see(我们要见的第一个人,man是宾语)或the first man who saw(第一个见到某种别的人或物的人,man是主语),而当它成为句子的一部分时,其含义就显而易见了。
The first man to see is Tom.相当于:
The first man that we must see is Tom.
我们首先要见的人是汤姆。
但是:
The first man to see me was Tom.相当于:
The first man who saw me was Tom.
第一个看到我的人是汤姆。
B现在分词可用于下列各种情况:
1从句中的主要动词是进行时态时:
People who are/were waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered in my doorway.相当于:
People waiting for the bus often shelter/sheltered…
等公共汽车的人们常常在我家门口躲风避雨。
2从句中动词表示一个习惯性或连续性的动作时:
Passengers who travel/travelled in this bus buy/bought their tickets in books.相当于:
Passengers travelling…
乘这路公共汽车的乘客买订成小本的车票。
Boys who attend/attended this school have/had to wear uniform.相当于:
Boys attending…
在这个学校就学的男生必须穿校服。
a law which forbids/forbade the import=a law forbidding the import一条禁止进口……的法律
a notice which warns/warned people…=a notice warning people…一张警告民众……的通告
an advertisement which urges/urged…=an advertisement urging…一条鼓励(人们)……的广告
同样:
a petition asking…一份要求……的请愿书
a letter ordering/demanding/telling…一封命令/要求/通知……的信
a placard protesting…一块抗议……的标语牌
placards protesting…一些抗议……的标语牌
3从句中的主要动词表示一种愿望,即句中动词是wish,desire, want,hope等(但不是like)时:
people who wish/wished to go on the tour=people wishing to go on the tour希望参加这次旅游的人
fans who hope/hoped for a glimpse of the star=fans hoping for a glimpse of the star希望看一眼这位明星的影迷
4含有上述动词之一或者含有表示知道、考虑的任何动词(例如know,think,believe,expect)的非限定性关系从句(参见下面第78节),也同样可以由一个分词短语来代替:
Peter,who thought the journey would take two days,said…相当于:
Peter,thinking the journey would take two days,said…
彼得认为旅行需要两天时间,他说……
Tom,who expected to be paid the following week,offered…相当于:
Tom,expecting to be paid the following week,offered…
汤姆预计在下周能得到付款,他提出……
Bill,who wanted to make an impression on Ann,took her to…相当于:
Bill,wanting to make an impression on Ann,took her to…
比尔想给安留下一个好印象,他带她到……
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78非限定性关系从句
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A非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述,仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句,在句中并非必不可少,即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规,在书面语中用得比口语中多。
B用于非限定性关系从句中的关系代词:
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[Amber demo]
79指人的非限定性关系从句
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A主语
只能用who。注意逗号:
My neighbour,who is very pessimistic,says there will be no apples this year.
我的邻居极为悲观,他说今年苹果将不会有收成。
Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested stopping at the next town.
彼得开了整整一天车,他建议在下一个城镇停留。
这一类紧接在句子的主语之后的从句主要见于书面英语。在
口语里常常这么说:
My neighbour is very pessimistic and says…
我的邻居很悲观,并说……
Peter had been driving all day,so/and he suggested…
彼得开了整整一天车,因此他建议……
但位于句中较后部分的从句,即在主要动词的宾语之后的从句,在口语中是相当普遍的:
I’ve invited Ann,who lives in the next flat.
我已经邀请了安,她就住在隔壁的套房里。
从句跟在介词+名词之后也较为普遍:
I passed the letter to Peter,who was sitting beside me.
我把信递给了彼得,他就坐在我旁边。
B动词的宾语
用whom,who。
这类宾格代词在句中不能省略。尽管有时在日常口语中用
who作宾格关系代词,但正确的形式应是whom:
Peter,whom everyone suspected,turned out to be innocent.
彼得,大家都怀疑他,结果证明是无罪的。
如上所示,在这个位置的非限定性关系从句在口语中是不常用的。通常很可能这么说:
Everyone suspected Peter,but he turned out to be innocent.
大家都怀疑彼得,但结果证明他是无罪的。
但在口语中常见到非限定性关系从句出现在句中较后的位置,即在主要动词的宾语之后或介词+名词之后:
She wanted Tom,whom she liked,as a partner;but she got Jack,whom she didn’t like.
她想要她所喜欢的汤姆作为伴侣,可是却得到了她所不喜欢的杰克。
She introduced me to her husband,whom I hadn’t met before.
她把我介绍给她丈夫,我以前没见过他。
C 介词的宾语
用whom。
这个代词在句中不能省略,介词常常位于它之前:
Mr Jones,for whom I was working,was very generous about overtime payments.
琼斯先生,我当时给干活的那位,常是很慷慨地付给加班加点的报酬。
然而把介词移到从句之后也是可以的。这在口语中是非常普
遍的,此时who往往取代whom:
Mr Jones,who/whom I was working for,…
如果从句中含有一个表示时间或地点的短语,该短语要留在
从句之末:
Peter,with whom I played tennis on Sundays,was fitter than me.
彼得,星期天我常跟打网球的那位,身体比我健康。
这个句子可改为:
Peter,who/whom I played tennis with on Sundays,was fitter than me.
D 所有格
用 whose。
Ann,whose children are at school all day,is trying to get a job.
安的孩子们整天都在学校,所以她在想办法找份工作。
This is George,whose class you will be taking
这一位是乔治,你就要接他的课。
在口语中,很可能这么说:
Ann’s children are at school all day,so she…
This is George.You will be taking his class.
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80 all,both,few,most,several,some
等+of+whom/which
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这种形式可以用于指人,也可用于指事物。见以下例句。括号中给出的是不那么正式的同义说法。
Her sons,both of whom work abroad,ring her up every week.
她的两个儿子,都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话来。
(Both her sons work abroad,but they ring her up every week.)He went with a group of people,few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.
他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
(He went with a group of people;few of them…)
The buses,most of which were already full,were surrounded by an angry crowd.
公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人,它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
(st of the buses were full,and/but they were surrounded by an angrycrowd.)
I met the fruit-pickers,several of whom were university students.
我遇到了摘水果的人们,其中有几个人是大学生。
(I met the fruit-pickers;several of them were…)
I picked up the apples,some of which were badly bruised.
我拣起那些苹果,其中有一些伤得很厉害。
(I picked up the apples;some of them…)
The house was full of boys,ten of whom were his own grandchildren.
屋子里挤满了小男孩,其中有十个是他自己的孙辈。(The house was full of boys;ten of them…)
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81 指物的非限定性关系从句
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A 主格
用which,这里不用that:
That block,Which cost£5 million to build,has been empty fof years.
那个街区,就是花费了500万英镑建起来的那个,已经空置了多年了。
The 8∶15 train,which is usually very punctual,was late today.
8点15分的列车通常是正点的,今天晚点了。
口语中往往可能这么说:
That block cost£5 million to build and has been empty for years.
那个街区花费了500万英镑建成,已经空置了多年了。
This 8∶15 train is usually punctual,but It was late today.
8点15分的列车通常总是正点的,但是今天晚点了。
B 宾格
用which,这里不用that,而且which决不能省略:
She gave me this jumper,which she had knitted herself.
她送给我这件羊毛衫,这是她亲手织的。或:
She gave me this jumper;she had knitted it herself.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you all the in- formation you need.
这几本书,你可以在任何书店买到的,会向你提供你所需要的一切资料。或:
These books will give you all the information you need.You can get them at any bookshop.
C 介词的宾语
介词位于which之前或者位于从句之后,但不那么正式:
Ashdown Forest,through which we’ll be driving,isn’t a forest any longer.
阿斯顿森林,我们即将驱车通过,已经不再是森林了。或:
Ashdown Forest,which we’ll be driving through,isn’t a forest any longer.
His house,for which he paid£10,000,is now worth£50,000.
他花了一万英镑买的房子,现在值五万英镑。或:
His house,which he paid£10,000 for,is now…
D 与短语动词连用的which
像下面的短语动词look after,look forward to,put up with(参见第三十八章)都应被看做一个整体,即介词/副词不应与动词分开:
This machine,which I have looked after for twenty years,is still working perfectly.
这台机器我已经照管了20年,现在仍然没一点儿毛病。
Your inefficiency,which we have put up with far too long,is beginning to annoy our customers.
我们对你的不称职容忍得太久,而顾客也开始对此感到不满意了。
E 所有格
用whose或of which。
whose一般用来指动物和事物,of which可以用来指物,但是
除在很正式的英语中之外,比较罕见。
His house,whose windows were all broken,was a depressing sight.
他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心酸的景象。
The car,whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable,began to slide backwards.
那辆车的手闸不太可靠,车开始向后滑动。
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82 连接性关系从句
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连接性关系代词为who,whom,whose,which。逗号的用法跟非限定从句中的用法相同。连接性关系从句不修饰它们前面的名词,而是继续往下叙述。它们通常位于主要动词的宾语之后:
I told Peter,who said it wasn’t his business.
我告诉了彼得,他说这事与他无关。
或者位于介词+名词之后:
I threw the ball to Tom,who threw it to Ann.
我把球扔给汤姆,他又把球扔给安。
这些关系代词通常可以由and/but+he/she等取代:
I threw the ball to Tom and he threw it…
I told Peter,but he said…
所以,一个处于这个位置上的从句究竟是非限定性从句还是连接性从句有时很难区分。但学习者没有必要做出这种判断,因为这两种形式基本上是相同的。
下面就连接性关系从句再举若干例子:
He drank beer,which made him fat.相当于:
He drank beer,and it made him fat.
他喝啤酒,因此发胖了。
We went with Peter,whose car broke down before we were halfwaythere.相当于:
We went with Peter but his car broke down before we were halfway there.
我们和彼得一起去的,但是还没走到半路他的车子就抛了锚。
如第80节所述,可以用one/two等或few/several/some等+of+whom/which结构:
I bought a dozen eggs,six of which broke when I dropped the box.
我买了一打鸡蛋,六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
He introduced me to his boys,one of whom offered to go with me.
他把我介绍给他的男孩们,有一个男孩子自愿提出和我一起去。
The lorry crashed into a queue of people,several of whom had to have hospital treatment.
卡车冲进了一队人之中,其中有几个不得不住院治疗。
which也可以代表整个从句:
The clock struck thirteen,which made everyone laugh.
时钟敲了13下,这使大家都笑了起来。
He refused to do his share of the chores,which annoyed the others.
他拒绝干他那一份活儿,这使其他的人很恼火。(他的拒绝使他们恼火。)
The rain rattled on the roof all night,which kept us awake.
雨点整夜敲打着屋顶,这使我们未能入睡。
She was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, which made the others jealous.
她对最小的孩子要比对其他的孩子疼爱得多,这引起了别的孩子的妒忌。
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[Amber demo]
83 what(关系代词)和which(连接关系词)
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what(= the thing that/the things that所……的事情):
what we saw astonished us.相当于:
he things that we saw astonished us.
我们所看到的事使我们感到惊讶。
When she sees what you have done she will be furious.相当于:
When she sees the damage that you have done she will be furious.
她要是看到你造成的损坏,她会大发雷霆的。
请务必不要将关系代词what与连接关系词which混淆。记住,which必须用来指前面一个句子中的一个词或一组词。而
what不指前面的任何东西。再者,what常常是动词的宾语,
然而which则常常是动词的主语:
He said he had no money,which was not true.
他说他没有钱,这不是实话。
Some of the roads were flooded,which made our journey more difficult.
一些道路被水淹了,这给我们的旅行造成了更多的麻烦。
(参见第82节。)
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[Amber demo]
84 关系从句中的逗号
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请记住限定性关系从句不用逗号同前面断开。注意下面例句中加上逗号以后意思上产生的变化:
(a)The travellers who knew about the floods took another road.
知道发大水的那些游客改道走了。
(b)The travellers,who knew about the floods,took another road.
游客们知道发了大水,都改道走了。
在(a)中有一个限定性关系从句,它对名词travellers的范围作了一定的限制。这个句子的意思是“只有那些知道发了大水
的游客改道走了”,并暗示有些别的不知道这一情况的游客仍走现已被水淹的道路。在(b)中有一个非限定性关系从句,它对前面的名词没有起任何限制作用,这句话暗含的意思是“游客们都知道发了大水并改道走了”。
(c)The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.
想踢足球的那些男孩子因为下雨而感到失望。
(d)The boys,who wanted to play football,were disappointed…
那些男孩子想踢足球,对……感到失望。
(c)句中的暗含意思是只有一部分男孩希望踢足球。可以推定有一些男孩子对于下不下雨并不在乎。(d)句中的含义是所有的男孩都想踢足球,并都因下雨而感到失望。
(e)The wine which was in the cellar was ruined.
地窖里的那些酒全都坏了。
(f)The wine,which was in the cellar,was ruined.
酒放在地窖里,全变坏了。
(e)句意味着只有一些酒变坏了或可以推定一些放在别处的
酒大概没有坏。(f)句明确说明所有的酒都放在地窖里而且全都变坏了。
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[Amber demo]
85 whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,
wherever,however
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这些词具有几种不同的含义,可以引导关系从句和其他从句。尽管其他从句严格说不属于本章范围,但是看来最好还是把这些带ever的形式放在一起讲。
A whoever(代词)和whichever(代词和形容词)的意思可以是“the one who”,“he who”,“she who”:
Whoever gains the most points wins the competition.
谁得分最多,谁就赢得比赛。
Whichever of them gains the most points wins.
他们中哪一个得分最多,哪一个就赢。
Whichever team gains the most points wins.
哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper.
谁先到家,谁就开始做晚饭。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking.
我们当中不管谁先到家,就开始做饭。
Whoever cleans your windows doesn’t make a good job of it.
不管是谁擦洗你的窗户,他都没干好。
B whatever(代词和形容词),whenever,wherever:
You can eat what/whatever You like(anything you like).
你喜欢什么就可以吃什么。
When you are older you can watch whatever programme you like.
等你长大了,你爱看什么节目就可以看什么节目。
My roof leaks when/whenever it rains(every time it rains).
一下雨(每次下雨),我的房顶就漏。
You will see this product advertised everywhere/wherever you go.
无论你到哪里,都能看到这种产品的广告。
Go anywhere/wherever you like.
你愿意去哪儿就去哪儿。
C whoever,whichever,whatever,whenever,wherever,however都可以是 no matter who…(不论……)的意思:
If I say‘ heads,I win;tails you lose’,I will win whatever happens/ whichever way the coin falls.
如果我说“头,我赢;尾,你输”,那么无论什么情况(无论硬币落下后哪一面朝上)我都会赢。
Whatever happens don’t forget to write.
无论怎样别忘了写信。
I'll find him,wherever he has gone.
无论他到哪里去了,我都要找到他。(不论他去了哪儿)
whatever you do经常被置于要求/命令之前或之后以强调其重要性:
Whatever you do,dont mention my name.
无论如何,不要提起我的名字。
however是程度副词,常和形容词或另一副词连用:
I’d rather have a room of my own,however small(it is),than share a room.
无论房间多么小,我宁愿一个人住一间,而不愿意与别人合住一个房间。
However hard I worked,she was never satisfied.
无论我多么努力地工作,她从来没满意过。
D whatever,wherever可以表示说话人不知情或者不关心:
He lives in Wick,wherever that is.
他住在威克,谁知道那地方在哪儿。(我不知道威克在哪里,也不感兴趣。)
He says he’s a phrenologist,whatever that is.
他说他是一个颅相学家,谁知道是干什么的。(我不知道那是干什么的,也不感兴趣。)
who ever,when ever,what ever等等也可以分开写成两个字,但意思产生了变化:
—I lost seven kilos in a month.
—How ever did you lose so much in such a short time?
—一个月内我体重减轻了七公斤。
—在这么短的时间里你怎么会瘦那么多呢?
Bill(suspiciously):I know all about you.
比尔(怀疑地):我知道你的底细。
Tom(indignantly):What ever do you mean?
汤姆(怒气冲冲地):你到底是什么意思?
Where ever did you buy your wonderful carpets?
你究竟在什么地方买下这些漂亮的地毯?
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[Amber demo]
第 九 章 介 词?
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[Amber demo]
86 概说
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介词是通常位于名词或代词之前的词。(关于介词的其他位置,参见第87节。)介词之后也可以接动词(但除了在but和except之后),该动词必须用动名词形式:
He is talking of emigrating.
他正在谈论移居国外的事。
They succeeded in escaping.
他们得以逃脱。
学生在介词方面有两个主要问题。他必须弄清楚:
(a)在某一个结构中是否需要介词;
(b)如需要介词,要用哪一个。
第一个问题对于欧洲学生来说特别棘手。他可能发现母语中某一结构需要介词而英语中的一个类似结构却不需要,反之亦然,如在欧洲的大多数语言中“目的”由一个介词+不定式来表示,而在英语中只由不定式表示:
I came here to study.
我到这里来学习。
学生还应该注意,许多主要用做介词的词也可以用做连词及/或副词。这种情况将在以下各节一一指出。
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[Amber demo]
87 介词的位置
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A 如上所述,介词通常位于名词或代词之前。然而,以下两个结构中的介词在非正式英语中有可能会移到句末:
1 以介词+whom/which/what/whose/where开头的疑问句:
To whom were you talking?(正式的)
Who were you talking to?(非正式的)
你刚才在跟谁谈话?
In which drawer does he keep it?(正式的)
Which drawer does he keep it in?(非正式的)
他把它存放在哪一个抽屉里?
过去常常认为以介词结尾的句子是不合乎语法要求的,但是现在它已被接受为一种口语形式。
2 同样,在关系从句中位于whom/which之前的介词也可移到从句之末,此时关系代词常被省略:
the paople with whom I was travelling(正式的)
跟我一起旅行的人们
可变为:
the people I was travelling with(非正式的)
the company from which I hire my TV set(正式的)
租给我电视机的那家公词
可变为:
the company I hire my TV set from(非正式的)
B 但在短语动词中,介词/副词跟在动词之后而不改变位置,因此上述的正规结构是不允许的:the child I was looking after不能改写成after+whom形式。Which bridge did they blowup?也不能改写为up+which形式。
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[Amber demo]
88 间接宾语前to和for的省略
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A1 像 I gave the book to Tom(我把书给了汤姆)这样的一个句子也可表示为I gave Tom the book。也就是说,间接宾语可以在前,而且介词to可以省略。
可以使用上述这种结构的动词有:bring,give,hand,leave(in awill),lend,offer,pass(=hand),pay,play(an instrument/pieceof music),promise,sell,send,show,sing,take,tell(=narrate,inform):
I showed the map to Bill.相当于:
I showed Bill the map.
我给比尔看了那张地图。
They sent £5 to Mr Smith.相当于:
They sent Mr Smith £5.
他们给史密斯先生寄去了五英镑。
2 同样,I’11 find a job for Ann(我要给安找一个职业)也可以表示为 I’ll find Ann a job(间接宾语在前,省掉for)。这种结构可用在book,build,buy,cook(bake,boil,fry等),fetch,find,get,keep,knit,leave,make,order,reserve这些动词之后:
I’ll get a drink for you.相当于:
I’ll get you a drink.
我去给你弄一杯喝的。
I bought a book for James.相当于:
I bought James a book.
我给詹姆斯买了一本书。
B 通常这两种结构都可以用,但是:
1在直接宾语是短语或从句时,最好使用不带介词的结构:
Tell her the whole story.
把全部情况告诉她。
Show me what you’ve got in your hand.
给我看一看你手里拿的是什么东西。
2 在下列的情况下,人们更喜欢使用带介词的结构:
(a)间接宾语是短语或包含一个从句时:
We kept seats for everyone on our list/for everyone who had paid.
我们给名单上的人/已经付了款的人都留了座位。
I had to show my pass to the man at the door.
我不得不向门口的那个人出示我的通行证。
(b)直接宾语是it或them时:
They kept it for Mary.
他们留着这个给玛丽。
She made them for Bill.
她给比尔做的这些。
We sent it to George.
我们把它给乔治寄去了。
以上这几个句子不能用动词+名词+代词结构来表示。
如果间接宾语也是代词(如I sent it to him),有时可以将这两个代词的位置互换并省略 to(如I sent him it),但是带 for的结构不能这么做,最好避免。
这种限制不适用于其他宾格代词:
He gave Bill some.
他给了比尔一些。
He didn’t give me any.
他一点也没给我。
He bought Mary one.
他给玛丽买了一个。
I’ll show you something.
我给你看一样东西。
C promise,show,tell可以只和间接宾语连用而不用to:
promise us答应我们
show him 给他看
tell him 告诉他
read,write的用法相同,但后面需用 to:
read to me读给我听
write to them写信给他们
play,sing可与to或for连用:
play to us,play for us给我们演奏
sing to us,sing for us唱给我们听
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[Amber demo]
89 to与表示沟通思想的动词连用时的省略与否]
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A 表示命令、请求、邀请及忠告的动词如advise,ask,beg,com-mand,encourage,implore,invite,order,recommend,remind,re-quest,tell,urge,warn等动词之后可以直接跟表示说话对象的词+不定式:
They advised him to wait.
他们劝他等待。
I unged her to try again.
我鼓励她再试一试。(参见第244节。)
在 advise,remind,tell,warn等动词之后也可以直接跟表示说话的对象的词,再加其他结构:
He reminded them that there were no trains after midnight.
他提醒他们午夜之后没有火车了。
They warned him that the ice was thin/warned him about the ice.
他们警告他冰不厚/警告他冰的事情。
但要注意动词recommend(=advise)与其他结构连用时,需要在表示说话对象的词之前加to:
He recommended me to buy it.
他建议我买它。
但是说:
He recommended it to me.
他向我推荐这东西。
He recommeded me(for the post)的意思是“他推荐我担任这个职务”。
在ask后面表示说话对象的词常常是可加可不加的,这里一律不用介词to:
He asked(me)a question.
他问了(我)一个问题。
He asked(me)if I wanted to apply.
他问(我)我是否想申请。
She asked(her employer)for a day off.
她要求(她的雇主)给她一天假。
B call(=shout),complain,describe,explain,grumble,murmur,mutter,say,shout,speak,suggest,talk,whisper 后面不一定要提到说话对象,但提到时需要在其前面加to:
Peter complained(to her)about the food.
彼得(向她)抱怨食品不好。
She said nothing(to her parents).
她(跟她的父母)什么也没有说。
He spoke English(to them).
他(跟他们)说英语。
shout at可以用来表示主语跟对方生气:
He shouted at me to get out of his way.
他对我怒喊不要挡他的路。
请和 He shouted to me(他对我高声喊叫)相比较。后者表示他因为我离得比较远而提高声音说话。
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[Amber demo]
90 表示时间和日期的介词:at,on,by,before,in
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A at,on
用at来表示在某一时刻:
at dawn在黎明
at six在6点钟
at midnight在午夜
at 4∶30在4点30分
用at来表示在……岁时:
at sixteen/at the age of sixteen 16岁的时候
She got married at seventeen.
她17岁结婚。
用on来表示在星期几/某日:
on Monday在星期一
on 4 June在 6月 4日
on Christmas Day在圣诞节那一天
但以下的情况例外:
at night在晚上
at Christmas在圣诞节期间(不仅当天)
at Easter在复活节期间(不仅当天)
on the morning/afternoon/evening/night of a certain date在某一具体日期的早上/下午/傍晚/夜里
We arrived on the morning of the sixth.
我们在6号早上到达。
当然也可以说:
this/next Monday在这个/下个星期一
any Monday在任何一个星期一
one Monday在某个星期一
B by,before
by a time/date/period=at that time or before/not later than that date
在那一时刻或在那一日期或不迟于那一日期
这种表示方法常暗指在那一时刻或日期之前:
The train starts at 6∶10,so you had better be at the station by 6∶10.
火车6点10分发车,所以你最好在6点10分之前到达火车站。
by+a time常常和完成时态连用,尤其与将来完成时态连用(参见第216节):
By the end of July I’ll have read all those books.
到7月底我将已把那些书全读完了。
before可作介词、连词或副词:
Before signing this…
在签署这个之前……(介词)
Before you sign this…
在你签署这个之前……(连词)
I’ve seen him somewhere before.
我以前在什么地方见到过他。(副词)
(参见第195节B与第342节。)
C on time,in time,in good time
on time(按时,准时,既不在此时以前也不迟于此时):
The 8∶15 train started on time.
8点15分的火车按时发车。相当于:
It started at 8∶15.
火车在点15分正点发车。
in time/in time for(+名词)(及时,不迟于……);in good time (for)(留有充足的时间):
Passengers should be in time for their train.
旅客们要乘坐火车时应当早点到。
I arrived at the concert hall in good time(for the concert).
我及时到达了音乐厅。(也许音乐会7点半开始,而我在7点15分就到了)。
D on arrival,on arriving,on reaching,on getting to
On arrival/on arriving,he…相当于:
When he arrives/arrived,he…
在他到达时,他……
同理,on也可以与其他某些动词(主要是表示沟通思想的动词)连用:
On checking,she found that some of the party didn’t know the way.
经核查,她发现这一组人中有些不认得路。
On hearing/Hearing that the plane had been diverted,they left the air- port.
一听到飞机已经改飞别的机场,他们就离开了机场。
后面一句中的on可以省略。(参见第277节。)
E at the beginning/end,in the beginning/end,at first/at lastat the beginning(of…)(在……的开头)/at the end(of…)(在……的最后,照其字面的含义表示在开头/最后):
At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.
在一本书的开头常常有个目录。
At the end there may be an index.
结尾处可能有索引。
in the beginning/at first(=in the early stages在当初/最初)暗示着以后有所变化。
In the beginning/At first we used hand tools.Later we had machines.
当初/最初我们用手工工具,后来我们有了机器。
in the end/at last(=eventually/after some time最后/终于/后来):
At first he opposed the marriage,but in the end he gave his consent.
最初他反对这桩婚事,但最终还是同意了。
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[Amber demo]
91 表示时间的介词:from,since,for,during
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A from,since和for
1 from通常和to或till/until连用:
Most people work from nine to five.
大多数人从9点工作到5点。
from也可以用于问地点时:
Where do you come from?
你是哪里人?
2 since 只用于时间而从不用于地点之前,意指“从那时起到所指的时刻”。它常常和现在完成时或过去完成时连用(参见第185节至第188节及第194节):
He has been here since Monday.
他从星期一开始一直在这里。(从星期一到现在)
He wondered where Ann was.He had not seen her since their quarrel.
他想知道安在哪里。自从他们吵架以后,他就没再见到过她。since也可以是副词(参见第37节及第185节至第 188节):
He left school in 1983.I haven’t seen him since.
他1983年离开学校。打那时起我一直没见过他。
since也可以是时间连词:
He has worked for us ever since he left school.
他离开学校以后就一直为我们工作。
It is two years since I last saw Tom.
从我最后一次见到汤姆到现在,已经有两年了。相当于:
I last saw Tom two years ago.
我最后一次见到汤姆是在两年前。
I haven’t seen Tom for two years.
我已经有两年没见到汤姆了。
(关于since与其他类型的从句连用的情况,参见第338节。)
3 for用来表示一段时间:
for six years六年之久
for two months有两个月
for ever永远
Bake it for two hours.
把它烤两个小时。
He travelled in the desert for six months.
他在沙漠中走了六个月。
for+一段时间可以与现在完成时或过去完成时连用,表示动作延续到说话的那一时刻:
He has worked here for a year.
他在这里工作已经有一年之久了。(他在一年前就开始在这里工作并仍在这里工作。)
这样用的for可以用since+行动开始的那一刻来代替:
He has worked here since this time last year.
他从去年的这个时候起就在这里工作了。
B during和for
during用于已知的一段时间包括大家熟知的节日如Christmas(圣诞节),Easter(复活节)或者某种已确切限定的时期或阶段之前:
during the Middle Ages在中世纪
during 1941在1941年中
during the summer(of that year)在(那一年的)夏季during his childhood在他的童年时代
during my holidays在我度假期间
该行动可以持续于整个时期内或只发生在该时期中的某一时刻:
It rained all Monday but stopped raining during the night.
星期一整天都在下雨,但夜里雨停了。(在某一时刻)
He was ill for a week,and during that week he ate nothing.
他病了一星期,在那一星期里他什么也没吃。
for(表示目的)可以用于已知的时间阶段之前:
I went there/I hired a car/I rented a house for my holidays/for the sum-mer.
因度假期/过夏天我到那里/我租了一辆汽车/我租了一所房子。
for还有其他各种用法:
He asked for£5.
他要五英镑。
I paid£1 for it.
我花一英镑买的。
I bought one for Tom.
我给汤姆买了一个。(参见第88节。)
for也可以用做连词来引导一个从句。(参见第330节。)
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[Amber demo]
92 表示时间的介词to,till/until,
after和afterwards(副词)
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A to和till/until
to可以用于时间和地点之前;till/until只用于时间之前。可以用from…to或 from…till/until结构:
They worked from five to ten/from five till ten.
他们从5点工作到10点。(注意勿与at five to ten混淆,后者意为9点55分。)
但如果句中没有from,就要用till/until而不用to:
Let’s start now and work till dark.
让我们现在开始工作一直到天黑。(这里不能用to。)
till/until常常和否定意义的动词连用,以表示强调时间晚了:
We didn’t get home till 2 a.m.
我们一直到凌晨两点钟才到家。
He usually pays me on Friday but last week he didn’t pay me till the fol-lowing Monday.
他一般在星期五付给我钱,但上星期他一直到第二周的星期一才把钱给我。
till/until也常用做时间连词:
We’ll stay here till it stops raining.
我们将要呆在这里一直到雨停了。
Go on till you come to the level crossing.
一直走到火车道口的地方。
注意:如果省略了 you come to,那么就要由 to来代替till:
Go on to the level crossing.
一直走到火车道口的地方。
B after, afterwards(副词)
after是介词,后面必须接名词、代词或动名词:
Don’t bathe immediately atrer a meal/after eating.
不要饭后/吃饭后就游泳。
Don’t have a meal and bathe immediately after it.
不要就餐之后立即游泳。
如果我们不想用名词、代词或动名词,就不能用after,但可以用 afterwards(= after that)或者 then:
Don’t have a meal and bathe immediately afterwards.
(译文同上)
They bathed and afterwards played game/played games afterwards./ They bathed and then played games.
他们游了泳,然后做游戏。
afterwards可以位于句首或句末并且可以由soon,immediate- ly,not long等修饰:
Soon afterwards we got a letter.
不久之后我们收到了一封信。
We got a letter not long afterwards.
(译文同上。)
after也可以作连词用:
After he had tuned the piano it sounded quite different.
他给钢琴校过音之后,钢琴的声音完全不同了。
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[Amber demo]
93表示移动和运动的介词: from,to,at,in,
by,on,into,onto, off, out, out of
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A可以说从(from)出发地前往(to)目的地:
They flew/drove/cycled/walked from Paris to Rome.
他们从巴黎乘飞机/驾车/骑车/步行前往罗马。
When are you coming back to England?
你将在什么时候回英国?
也可以说送(send)/邮寄(post)信件给(to)人或到(to)某地。(但请参见后面关于home的解释。)
B arrive at/in,get to, reach(不用介词)可以说到达(arrive in)一个城市或国家,到达(arrive at/in)一个村庄,到达(arrive at)任何其他目的地:
They arrived in Spain/in Madrid.
他们到达西班牙/马德里。
I arrived at the hotel/at the airport /at the bridge/at the crossroads.
我到了旅馆/飞机场/桥梁/十字路口。
get to和 reach可以用于任何目的地之前:
He got to the station just in time for his train.
他到达火车站刚好赶上火车。
I want to get to Berlin before dark.
我想在天黑之前到达柏林。
They reached the top of the mountain before sunrise.
他们在日出之前到达了山顶。
get in(in为副词)可以指到达目的地,主要用于表示火车的到
达:
What time does the train get in?
火车什么时间到站?(到达终点站/我们的目的地车站)
同时注意下面这一用法:
get there/back到那里/回来(这里 there和 back是副词)
C home
可以用一个表示移动的动词+ home而不用介词:
It took us an hour to get home.
我们用了一小时才到家。
They went home by bus.
他们乘公共汽车回家。
但home前面有修饰它的词或短语时,则要用介词:
She returned to her parents heme
她回到她父母的家里。
可以用be(是)/live(生活)/stay(停留)/work(工作)等,athome(在家),at+…+ home/ in+…+ home(在某人家)。但是不能直接在in之后用home这个词:
You can do this sort of work at home(at/in your own home).
这种活你可以在家里干。
D表示运输方法的介词: by,on,get in/into/on/onto/off/out of 我们可以乘汽车旅行(travel by car,但 in the/my/Tom’scar),还可以用下述表示旅行的方式:乘公共汽车(by bus)/乘火车(by train)/乘飞机(by plane)/乘直升机(by helicopter)/乘气垫船(by hovercraft)等以及乘船(by sea),乘飞机(by air)等。旅行时还可以经由一定路线( by a certain route)或经由某一地点( by a certain place,尽管 via更为常用):
We went by the M4.
我们经M4路线前往。
We went via Reading.
我们经里丁前往。
可以说步行前往(walk,go on foot),可以说骑车(动词 cycle)或骑自行车(go on a bicycle或 by bicycle),可以说骑马(动词ride或 go on horseback)。
可以说上(get into)公共或个人的车辆,或只说上车(get in,in是副词)。
可以说登上(get on/onto)公共车辆,或者只说上车(get on,on是副词)。
但可以说上船(go on board a boat= embark)。
可以说骑上(get on/onto)马/骆驼/自行车。可以说从公共或
个人车辆下来(get out of…)或者只说下车(get out,out是副词)。
可以说从公共车辆、马、自行车上下来,也可以说 get off apublic vehicle,a horse,a bicycle,或只说 get off(off是副词)。
E当进出某些建筑物、公共机构、国家等并不容易时,也可用get in/into/out/out of来表示进出这些地方,而不用 go/come/re- turn等词。in和out在这些地方作副词用。
I’ve lost my keys! How are we going to get into the flat/to get in?(副 词)
我把钥匙丢了!我们怎么进屋/进去呢?
The housc is on fire! We had better get out!(副词)
房子着火了!我们最好出去!
It’s difficult to get into a university nowadays.
如今进大学读书是难事。
F用来指方向的介词和副词有at,into,to等(介词),along,on(介词和副词)和till(连词):
Go along the Strand till you see the Savoy on your right.
沿河滨路一直往前走,直到在你看到右边的萨伏依饭店。
The bus stop is just round the corner.
公共汽车站就在街道拐角。
Turn right/left at the Post Office/at the second traffic lights.
在邮局/第二个红绿灯附近向右/左拐。
GO on(副词) past the post office.
一直朝前走,直到过了邮局。
Turn night/left into Fleet Street.
向右/左转入舰队街。
Take the first/second etc. turning on/to the right or on/to your right.
(往前)走到第一/第二个等街口再向右拐。
Go on(副词) to the end of the road.
一直走到这条马路的尽头。(这里不能用till。)
You will find the bank on your left halfway down the street.
沿着这条路走一半,你可以看到那一家银行在你左侧。
When you come out of the station you will find the bank opposite you/in front of you.
你一走出火车站就可以看到那一家银行在你对面/前面。
Get out(of the bus) at the tube station and walk on(副词) till you come to a pub.
在地铁车站附近下公共汽车,一直往前走到一家小酒店处。
Get off(the bus)and walk back(副词) till you come to some traffic lights.
下了(公共汽车)再往回走,直到有红绿灯的地方。
注意不要将to 和till混淆。(参见第92节A。)
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[Amber demo]
94 at,in; in,into; on,onto
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A at和 in
(关于 arrive at/in,参见第 93节 B。)
at
我们可以说 be at home(在家),be at work(在工作),be at the office(在办公室),be at school(上学),be at university(上大
学), be at an address(在某一地方), be at a certain point(在某一地点),如 be at the bridge(在桥边),be at the crossroads(在十字路口), be at the bus-stop(在公共汽车站)。
in
使用in的地方有be in a country(在一个国家),be in a town (在一个城镇), be in a village(在一个村庄), be in a square(在一个广场上),be in a street(在一条街上),be in a room(在一间房间里),be in a forest(在一个森林里),be in a wood(在一片小树林里),be in a field(在一片田野里),be in a desert(在沙漠中)等。在任何有边界或被圈起来的地方,都可使用in。但讲到一个小地方,如a square,a street,a room,a field时,如果我们意指“在这地点”而不是指“在里面”时,可以在地点前用at。
我们可以说 in a building,也可以说 at a building。 in仅意味着在里面,at可以指在里面或者在楼旁庭院里或者在楼外。如果说某人 be at the station,他可能在车站外面的街上(in the street outside)、在售票处(in the ticket office)、在候车室(in the waiting room)、在车站餐厅(in the restaurant)或者在站台上(on the platform)。
我们可以说 in the sea,也可以说 at the sea。 in/at a river, lake, swimming pool等也一样成立。
这里in意味着真在水中:
The children are swimming in the river.
孩子们正在河里游泳。
at the sea/river/lake等意指 near/beside the sea(靠近/在海边)。但 at sea(不带冠词)却是一个习语,意味着on a ship
(在海上航行)。
B in和into
如上所述,in常常指位置。
但into指的是移动,表示进入:
They climbed into the lorry.
他们爬进了卡车里。
I poured the beer into a tankard.
我把啤酒倒进了大酒杯里。
Thieves broke into my house./My house was broken into.
盗贼破门闯进了我的家。/我的家被盗贼破门闯入。
in或into都可以和动词put连用:
He put his hands in/into his pockets.
他伸手到衣兜里。
in也可以是副词:
Come in.相当于:
Enter.
进来。
Get in/into the car.
上来。/进汽车里去。
C on和onto
on既可以用来表示位置也可以用来表示移动:
He was sitting on his case.
他那时正坐在他的箱子上。
Snow fell on the hills
雪花落在山丘上。
His name is on the door.
门上有他的名字。
He went on board ship.
他登上了轮船。
在涉及到水平面高低变化的移动时,可以用onto,但这主要用于人和动物:
People climbed onto their roofs.
人们爬上自己家的房顶。
We lifted him onto the table.
我们把他抬到桌上。
The cat jumped onto the mantelpiece.
猫跳到了壁炉台上。
on也可以作副词:Go on
继续下去。/说下去。
Come on.
跟我来。/快点。
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[Amber demo]
95 above, over, under, below, beneath等
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A above和over
above(介词和副词)和 over(介词)两者的含义都是 higher than(高于),有时可以互换使用:
The helicopter hovered above/over us.
直升机在我们的上空盘旋。
Flags waved above/over our heads.
旗帜在我们头顶上方飘扬。
但 over还可以表示覆盖(covering),在对面(on the other side of),横过(across),从一边到另一边(from one side to the oth- er):
We put a rug over him.
我们往他身上盖了一块小毛毯。
He lives over the mountain.
他住在山的那一边。
There is a bridge over the river.
河上有一座桥。
all over+ 名词/代词意为“在每一部分”:
He has friends all over the world.
他的朋友遍天下。
above则不可能有上述这些意思。
over还可有“多于”或“高于”的意思。
above只有“高于”的意思。
over和 above都可指较高的职位。但 He is over me通常表示
He is my immediate superior(他是我的顶头上司),He super- vises my work(他督导我的工作)。above则不一定有此含义。
如果河上有一座桥,above the bridge的意思是upstream(在桥的上游)。
over可与meals(饭)/food食物)/drink(饮料)等连用:
They had a chat over a cup of tea.
他们喝茶时聊着天。
在take+表示时间的词语+over+名词/代词结构中,over可意为to do/finish(去做/完成)等:
He doesn′t take bug over lunch/to eat his lunch.
他吃午饭没花多长时间。
He took ages over the job.
他花了很长时间才干完那件事。(他花了很久才完成它。)
above也可作形容词或副词,意为“前文中的”(在图书或文章等中):
the above address上述地址(前面提到过的地址)
see B above参见上文B(前面提到过的B)
B below和under
below(介词和副词)和under(介词)两者的含义都是lower than(低于),有时可以互换使用,但under可以表示contact(接触):
She put the letter under the pillow.
她把信放在枕头下。
The ice crackled under his feet.
冰在他的脚下劈啪作响。
below通常表示在两个表面之间有一定的间隔:
They live below us.
他们住我们楼下。(例如,我们住在第五层,他们住在四层。)
同样:
We live above them.
我们住在他们的楼上。(参见上面A。)
below和under可以指junior in rank(职位较低)。但He is under me(他是我的手下)意指I am his immediate superior(我是他的顶头上司)。below则不一定有此含义。
(over和under都可用做副词,但含义不同。)
C 有时beneath可用来代替under,但用它来表示抽象含义而不用它表示具体的位置上下则更为稳妥:
He would think it beneath him to tell a lie.
他认为说谎有失于他的身份。
She married beneath her.
她嫁给了一位社会地位比她低的人。(进了较低的社会阶层)
D beside,between,behind,in front of,opposite 试设想戏院的一排排座位A,B,C等,A排靠舞台最近。
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
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这可以用下面的说法表示:
Tom is beside Ann;Mary is beside Bob,etc.
汤姆在安旁边;玛丽在鲍勃旁边(依此类推)。
Ann is between Tom and Bill;Bob is between Mary and Jane.
安在汤姆和比尔之间;鲍勃在玛丽和珍妮之间。
Mary is behind Tom;Tom is in front of Mary.
玛丽在汤姆后面;汤姆在玛丽前面。
但如果汤姆和玛丽正在吃饭,汤姆坐在桌子的一边,玛丽坐在另一边,我们就不用in front of,而说:
Tom is sitting opposite Mary.
汤姆坐在玛丽对面。
Tom is facing Mary.
汤姆面向玛丽。
但He stood in front of me(他站在我的前面)既可以指He stood with his back to me(他背朝我我站着),也可以指He faced me(他面向着我)。
住在街道一边的人讲到街道另一边的房子时说the houses op- posite us(我们对面的房子),而不说the houses in front of us(在我们前面的房子)。
对于其他事物,这些限制都不适用:
She put the plate on the table in front of him.
她把盘子放在他面前桌子上。
She sat with a book in front of her.
她坐着,面前放着一本书。
—Where′s the bank?
—There it is,just in front of you!
—银行在哪里?
—在那里,就在你前面!
There′s a car-park in front of/at the back of the hotel.
旅馆的前面/后面有一个停车场。
E 不要混淆beside和besides。
beside(=at the side of在……的旁边):
We camped beside a lake.
我们在一个湖边野营。
besides(介词)意为in addition to(此外)/as well as(又……):
I do all the cooking and besides that I help Tom.
我包做饭,此外我还帮助汤姆。
Besides doing the cooking I help Tom.
除了做饭之外我还帮助汤姆。
besides(副词)意为(a)in addition to that(此外)/as well as that(又……):
I do the cooking and help Tom besides.
我除了做饭还要帮助汤姆。
和(b)in any case(在任何情况下)/anyway(无论如何,反正):
We can′t afford oysters.Besides,Tom doesn′t like them.
我们买不起牡蛎;再说汤姆也不喜欢吃。
(参见第327节。)
F between和among
between常常表示一个人/物与其他两个人/物之间的关系。但是,当我们心目中已有了一个确定的数字,between也可以用来表示在更多的人/物之间:
Luxemburg lies between Belgiun,Germany and France.
卢森堡位于比利时、德国和法国之间。
among表示一个人/物与其他两个以上的人/物间的关系;在正常情况下我们心目中并无确定的数目:
He was happy to be among friends again.
他很高兴又回到朋友们中来了。
a village among the hills 一个群山环绕的村庄
G with也可以在上面最后一句中用来代替among。当然,它也可以和一个单数宾语连用:
He was with a friend.
他和一个朋友在一起。
其他用法的举例如下:
He cut it with a knife.
他用小刀切它。
Don′t touch it with bare hands.
不要赤手去摸它。
The mountains were covered with snow.
大雪覆盖着群山。
I have no money with me/on me.
我身上没有钱。
He fought/quarrelled with everyone.
他跟每个人都打过架/吵过嘴。
用于描述事物时:
the girl with red hair那个红头发的女孩
the boy with his hands in his pockets把双手插在口袋里的那个男孩
the man with his back to the camera/with his feet on his desk那个背对着照相机的/脚搁在桌子上的男人
H but和except(介词)
这两个介词具有同样的意思,并且可以互换使用。
but更常用在介词+宾语结构在句子中直接跟在nobody(没人)/none(没有任何人或事物)/nothing(什么也没有)/nowhere(什么地方也不)等之后时:
Nobody but Tom knew the way.
只有汤姆认得路。
Nothing but the best is sold in our shops.
本店所售商品均属精品。
句子中介词短语位于较后的位置时,常用except:
Nobody knew the way except Tom.
在all(全体,一切)/everybody(大家)/everyone(每一个人)/everything(每一件事)/everywhere(任何地方)等之后,也常用except。在anybody(任何人)/anything(任何事)/any- where(任何地方)等之后but比except更表示强调:
You can park anywhere but/except here.
你在哪儿停车都行,就是不能在这里停放车子。
but和except后面跟不带to的动词不定式。(参见第98节。)(关于but for在条件句中的用法参见第226节,关于but作连词的情况参见第326节。)
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[Amber demo]
96 介词与形容词、分词连用
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某些形容词和用做形容词的过去分词的后面可以跟介词+名词/动名词。(关于动词+介词,参见下一节。)
通常特定的形容词和分词要求跟特定的介词。以下举一些例子;其他可以查阅一本好词典。好的词典中都在形容词之后列出可以与之连用的介词。
about,at,for,in,of,on,to,with与某些形容词和分词连用:
absorbed in
according to
accustomed to(参见第163节。)
afraid of(参见第27节B,第271节。)
anxious for/about(参见第 27节 C。)
ashamed of
aware of(参见第27节F。)
bad at/for
capable of
confident of
due to/for(参见第27节A。)
exposed to
fit for
fond of
frightened of/at
good at/for
interested in
involved in
keen on
liable for/to
nervous of
owing to(参见第27节A。)
pleased with
prepared for
proud of
ready forresponsible for/to
scared of
sorry for/about(参见第27节B。)
successful in
suspicious of
terrified of
tired of
used to(参见第163节。)
例句如:
He was absorbed in his book.
他在全神贯注地读书。
She is afraid/frightened/scared of the dark.
她害怕黑暗。
According to Tom it′s 2∶30.
据汤姆说现在是两点三十分。(汤姆说是两点三十分。)
He is bad/good at chess
他棋下得不好/好。
Running is bad/good for you.
跑步对你没好处/有好处。(不利于健康的/利于健康的)
They are very keen on golf.
他们非常喜欢打高尔夫球。
Drivers exceeding the speed limit are liable to a fine.
超速行车的司机应受到罚款。
The management is not responsible for articles left in customers′cars.
管理人员对于留在顾客车内的东西概不负责。
I′m sorry for your husband.
我很同情你丈夫。(我怜悯他。)
I′m sorry for forgetting the tickets.
我忘了票的事,很对不起。
I′m sorry about the tickets.
关于票的事,我很抱歉。
(关于good/kind等+of,如It was kind of you to wait,参见第26节B。)
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[Amber demo]
97 动词和介词
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关于动词+介词的复合结构在第三十八章中给出了许多例子。但后面接介词的动词还有很多,下面举出一些例子。在好的词典中可以查到更多的例子。
accuse sb of
apologize(to sb)for
long for
ask for/about
attend to
beg for
believe in
beware of
blame sb for
charge sb with(an offence)
compare sth with
comply with
conform to
consist of
deal in
depend on
dream of
fight with sb for
fine sb for
hope for
insist on
live on(food/money)
apply to sb/for sth
object tooccur to
persist in
prefer sb/sth to sb/sth
prepare for
punish sb for
quarrel with sb about
refer to
rely on
remind sb of
resort to
succeed in
suspect sb of
think of/about
wait for
warn sb of/about
wish for
例句如:
Do you believe in ghosts?
你相信有鬼吗?
They were charged with receiving stolen goods.
他们被指控收受赃物。
you haven′t complied with the regulations.
你没有遵守条例规定。
For a week she lived on bananas and milk.
她靠吃香蕉喝牛奶过了一星期。
It never occurred to me to insure the house.
我从来也没想到过去给房子投保。
They persisted in defying the law.
他们多次犯法。
When arguments failed he resorted to threats.
他争辩不过别人的时候,就进行威胁。
注意:feel like+名词/代词意指“觉得想吃(喝)某东西或做某事”:
De you feel like a drink/a meal/a rest?
你想喝点什么/吃顿饭/休息一下吗?
feel like+动名词意指“觉得想做某事”:
I don′t feel like walking there.
我不想步行到那里去。
(关于like在比较中的用法参见第21节G-I。)
被动态动词当然可以接by+施动者,但它也可以接其他介词:
The referee was booed by the crowd.
裁判员遭到了观众的起哄。
The referee was booed for his decision/for awarding a penalty.
裁判员由于所作的裁决/所做出的犯规处罚而遭到起哄。
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[Amber demo]
98 介词后的动名词
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A 前面第89节中已经提到过,紧接在介词后的动词必须用动名词形式:
He left without paying his bill.
他没有付账就走了。
I apologize for not writing before.
我此前未能写信,谨表歉意。
She insisted on paying for herself.
她坚持要付她自己的那一份钱。
Before signing the contract,read the small print.
在签署合约以前,请详读小号字印出的内容。
(另参见第259节。)
还请注意某些名词+介词+动名词结构:
There′s no point in taking your car if you can′t park.
如果那里不能停放车子的话,你开车去就没多大意思了。
What′s the point of taking your car if you can′t park?
如果无处停放车子,你开车去还有什么意思呢?
Is there any chance/likelihood of his changing his mind?
他有可能改变主意吗?
Have you any objection to changing your working hours?
你反不反对改变你的工作时间?
I am in favour of giving everyone a day off.
我赞同给大家放一天假。
B 介词后面必须带动词的动名词形式,这一规则的唯一例外是except和but(介词)。在它们后面带动词原形:
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意,没有别的办法。
He did nothing but complain.
他只是抱怨,什么也不做。
但是如果but用做连词,即如果它引导从句,它的后面就可直接跟完整的不定式或动名词:
Being idle sometimes is agreeable,but being idle all the time might become monotonous.
有时清闲无事是令人惬意的,但总是闲呆着就可能变得单调乏味了。
To be idle sometimes is agreeable,but to be idle all the time…(译文同上。)
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[Amber demo]
99 介词/副词
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许多词既可作介词又可作副词:
He got off the bus at the corner.(介词)
他在拐角处下了公共汽车。
He get off at the corner.(副词)
他在拐角处下车。
这些既可作介词又可作副词的词中最重要的有above,about,
across,along,before,behind,below,besides,by,down,in,near,off,on,over,past,round,since,through,under,up:
They were here before six.(介词)
他们6点之前在这里。
He has done this sort of work before.(副词)
他以前干过这种工作。
Peter is behind us.(介词)
彼得在我们的后面。
He′s a long way behind.(副词)
他远远地落在后面。
She climbed over the wall.(介词)
她爬过墙头。
You′ll have to climb over too.(副词)
你也得爬过去。
When the meeting was over the delegates went home.(副词)
会议结束后代表们各自回家了。(这里over=finished结束)
The shop is just round the corner.(介词)
商店拐过街口就是。
Come round(to my house)any evening.(副词)
晚上有空来我家串门。
He ran up the stairs.(介词)
他跑上楼梯。
He went up in the lift.(副词)
他乘电梯上去了。
这些词中许多可以用来构成短语动词(参见第三十八章):
The plane took off.
飞机起飞了。(离开了地面)
He came round.
他恢复知觉了。(恢复了意识)
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[Amber demo]